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Romanization of Greek is the transliteration (letter-mapping) or transcription (sound-mapping) of text from the Greek alphabet into the Latin alphabet. The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly, which can create confusion. The sound of the English letter B () was written as in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph , while the modern sounds like the English letter V () instead. The Greek name became Johannes in Latin and then John in English but in Greek itself has instead become ; this might be written as Yannis, Yanni, Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not ''Giannes'' or ''Giannēs'' as it would have been in ancient Greek. The masculine Greek word or might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be translated as "Holy" or "Saint" in English forms of Greek placenames.〔Dubin, Marc. (''Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean Islands'', ). Rough Guides (London), 2002.〕 Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from Roman systems established in antiquity. The Roman alphabet itself was a form of the Cumaean alphabet derived from the Euboean script that valued as and as and used variant forms of and that became L and S.〔Jeffery, Lilian H. ''The local scripts of archaic Greece'', . Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961.〕 When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. Sounds with rough breathing like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.〔 Modern scholars also increasingly render ⟨χ⟩ as ⟨kh⟩. The sounds of Modern Greek have diverged both from those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to a variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the United Nations' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at Montreal in 1987,〔Department of Technical Co-operation for Development. ("Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Montreal, 18–31 August 1987", "Report of the Conference", ). United Nations (New York), 1987.〕〔United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems. ''Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names:'' "(Greek )". United Nations (New York), 2003. Accessed 6 Oct 2014.〕 by the United Kingdom's Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) and by the United States' Board on Geographic Names (BGN) in 1996,〔United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. ''(Romanization Systems and Policies )'': "(Romanization System for Greek )". 1996. Accessed 2 Oct 2014.〕 and by the ISO itself in 1997.〔〔International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 843:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)". 2010.〕 Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms〔() "()" (grafī́ katá parékklisī'' ELOT 743 ''stis taftótītes kai ta diavatī́ria'', "Latin Script Exceptions to ELOT 743 on Passports and ID Cards" ). Accessed 3 Oct 2014. 〕 (such as "Demetrios" for ) provided that official identification and documents also list the standard forms (as, for example, "Demetrios OR Dimitrios").〔Hellenic National Passport Center. Press Releases: "(Transliteration of the Passport Holder's Name in Latin )". 12 Feb 2012. Accessed 3 Oct 2014. 〕 Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system〔〔 and the system employed by the American Library Association and the United States' Library of Congress.〔 "Greeklish" has also spread within Greece itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital telephony from cultures using the Latin alphabet. Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for , "3ava" for , and "yuxi" for . ==Tables== The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. For the romanization of Greek into other languages, see the corresponding articles in our sister wikis, such as "Romanisation du grec" on the French Wikipedia. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using the Latin alphabet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Romanization of Greek」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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